Assignment Solution 01

North South University ETE 321 – Spring 2010 Instructor: Nahid Rahman Assignment #1 Total Marks: 100 Worth: 7. 5% 1. Consider the sinusoidally modulated DSB LC signal shown below. The carrier DSB-LC frequency is ? c and the message signal frequency is ? m. (a) Determine the modulation index m. Solution: Amax = 25 Amin = 5 ? 25 ? 5 = = 0. 67 + 25 + 5 (b) Write an expression for the modulated signal ? (t). Solution: 1 1 ) = (25 ? 5) = 10 = ( ? 2 2 1 1 ) = (25 + 5) = 15 = ( + 2 2 = + cos = cos + ( ) cos Assignment 1 Sol Page: 1 of 12 = 15 cos + 10 cos cos (c) Derive time domain expressions for the upper and lower sidebands.Solution: = 15 cos + 10 cos cos = 15 cos + 5 cos( + ) + 5 cos( ? ) Upper sideband: 5 cos( + ) ) Lower sideband: 5 cos( ? (d) Determine the total average power of the modulated signal , the carrier power and the two sidebands. Solution: Power of carrier signal = (15 cos )2 = + ? (15)2 2 cos cos = (cos( + ) + cos( ? )) 2 1 = 112. 5 W 2 (5)2 2 (5)2 Power of upper sideband = (5 cos( Power of lower sideband = (5 cos( ))2 = = 12. 5 W = 12. 5 W Power of modulated signal = 137. 5 W (e) Assuming that the message signal is a voltage signal, calculate the PEP (Peak Envelop Power) across a 100? load. Solution: PEP = 2 ))2 = eed to obtain the RMS value by dividing the peak by v2. (f) Determine the modulation efficiency ?. Solution: 12. 5 + 12. 5 = = 18. 18% 137. 5 Amax is the peak value of the modulated signal. To calculate the DC power, we = ( )2 v2 = (25 )2 v2 100 = 3. 125 W Assignment 1 Sol Page: 2 of 12 2. A DSB-SC modulated signal can be generated by multiplying the message signal with a periodic pulse generator and passing the resultant signal through a band-pass filter. = 2 cos 200 + cos 600 ( )= 1 2 + 2 ? (? 1) ? 1 cos ( =1 2 ? 1 (2 ? 1)) (a) Find the DSB-SC signal component in V(t). Solution: Input to the BPF: = ? 1 1 2 ? (? ) = ( ){ + cos ( (2 ? 1))} =1 2 ? 1 2 1 2 2 ? 1 2 1 = ( ) { + cos + †¢ cos 3 + †¢ cos 5 + other terms} 2 3 5 1 2 2 2 ( )+ ( ) cos ( ) cos 3 ( ) cos 5 = ? + + other terms 2 3 5 Output of the BPF: 2 = cos 2 = 2 cos 200 + cos 600 cos (b) Specify the unwanted components in V(t) that need to be removed by a BPF of suitable design. Solution: 1 2 2 ( ), ( ) cos 3 ( ) cos 5 , ,other terms 2 3 5 (c) Assume the carrier frequency is 500 Hz. Sketch the spectral density of the resulting DSB-SC waveform. Solution: = 2 cos 200 + cos 600 =2 ? 200 + 2 + 200 + ? 600 + + 600 Assignment 1 Sol Page: 3 of 12 = 2 = 1 cos ? = 2 1 = 2 ? 00 rad = 1000 rad See plot below. (d) In the sketch for Part (c), specify lower and upper sidebands. + + 1 2 + 1 2 = 1 + 1 Assignment 1 Sol Page: 4 of 12 3. Let f(t) be a real signal. The transmitter transmits the following modulated signal = cos + sin Where is the Hilbert transform of f(t). (a) Explain that the modulated signal is a lower sideband SSB signal using an example of = cos . Solution: Note that there was an error in the question. The frequency of f(t) should be ? m inst ead of ? c. Any students with a reasonable attempt to this question will be awarded full marks. However, the solution below refers to the corrected problem. cos = sin cos + sin sin = cos = cos ? Since, cos ? = cos cos + sin sin ? = + ? + ? + For ? > 0, the impulse function is located to the left of the carrier frequency. For ? < 0, the impulse function is located to the right of –? c. Therefore, the modulating function produces lower sideband signals. (b) Determine the frequency of the modulated signal. Solution: From the expression of , the frequency of the modulated signal is ? . Assignment 1 Sol Page: 5 of 12 4. An SSB signal is generated by modulating an fc = 1 MHz carrier by the message signal = 2 cos 2000? t + cos 4000? t . The amplitude of the carrier signal is Ac = 1. a) Determine the Hilbert transform of f(t). Solution: = 2 cos 2000? t + cos 4000? t ? ? = 2 cos 2000? t ? + cos 4000? t ? 2 2 = 2 sin 2000? t + sin 4000? t (b) Determine the time domain expression of the lower SSB and upper SSB signals. Solution: ?  ± t = cos ? sin ? 2 sin 2k? t + sin 4k? t sin = 2 cos 2k? t + cos 4k? t cos = 2 cos 2k? t + cos 4k? t cos ? 2 sin 2k? t + sin 4k? t sin = 2 cos 2k? t cos + cos 4k? t cos ? sin 4k? t sin ? 2 sin 2k? t sin = 2 cos 2k? t cos ? sin 2k? t sin + cos 4k? t cos ? sin 4k? t sin  ± 2000 + cos  ± 4000 = 2 cos (c) Sketch the magnitude spectrum of the lower SSB. Solution: ? t = 2 cos ? 2000 + cos ? 000 ? ? = 2 + ? 2000 + 2 ? + 2000 + + ? 4000 + ? + 4000 A 2? ? -? c -? c+4000? -? c+2000? ?c-4000? ?c-2000? ?c ? (d) The coherent detection of the lower SSB signal consists of multiplying the received modulated signal by cos followed by a low pass filter. If the local (receiver) oscillator generates a phase error ? (i. e. the message signal is now multiplied by cos + , write the expression at the output of the low-pass filter and discuss how the phase error will affect the demodulated signal. Solution: Assignment 1 Sol Page: 6 of 12 Input of the L PF: = = = cos cos cos + + cos cos A cos B = sin A cos B = = os + sin + + cos sin + cos + cos A + B + cos A ? B sin A + B + sin A ? B cos 2 + + sin ? + sin 2 + sin ? A = ? sin A = cos + cos 2 + ? sin + sin 2 + Output of the LPF: = = cos ? sin 2 cos 2000? t + cos 4000? t cos ? 1 2 sin 2000? t + sin 4000? t sin 2 = cos 2000? t cos + cos 4000? t cos 1 ? sin 2000? t sin ? sin 4000? t sin 2 1 cos 4000? t cos ? sin 4000? t sin 2 = cos 2000? t cos ? sin 2000? t sin + cos A cos B ? sin A sin B = cos A + B = cos 2000? t + ? + cos 4000? t + ? Assignment 1 Sol Page: 7 of 12 5. A given DSB-LC transmitter develops an unmodulated power output of 1 KW across a 50-ohm resistive load.When a sinusoidal test tone with a peak amplitude of 5. 0 V is applied to the input of the modulator, it is found that the spectral line for each sideband in the magnitude spectrum for the output is 40% of the carrier line. Determine the following quantities in the output signal: (a) The modulation index. Solution: = + c os cos cos + cos cos = 1 1 = cos + cos ? + cos + 2 2 When a sinusoidal test tone with a peak amplitude of 5. 0 V is applied to the input of the modulator, it is found that the spectral line for each sideband in the magnitude spectrum for the output is 40% of the carrier line. 1 : = 0. 40 2 = : = 0. 0 (b) The peak amplitude of the lower sideband. Solution: A given DSB-LC transmitter develops an unmodulated power output of 1 KW across a 50-ohm resistive load. = /v2 = 1000 Am is the amplitude (or â€Å"peak†) of the modulated signal. We need to use the rms value when calculating DC power. = 1000 2 = 10 = 316. 27 Peak amplitude of the sideband = = 158. 11 (c) The ratio of total sideband power to carrier power. Solution: Total power of the sidebands = = Carrier Power = Ratio = : = . cos : = cos . + = . 0. 8 ? . = = 0. 32 + cos + (d) The total power of output. Solution: Assignment 1 Sol Page: 8 of 12 Total Power = + = 33kW e) The total average power in the output if the peak amplit ude of the modulation sinusoid is reduced to 4. 0 V. Solution: Changing the modulation sinusoid peak amplitude will affect the modulation index. 4 = 5 4 = ? 0. 8 = 0. 64 5 Ratio of total sideband power to carrier power = . : = . 0. 64 = 0. 2048 Total Power = + = 30. 12kW Assignment 1 Sol Page: 9 of 12 6. Suppose that a message signal f(x) has bandwidth B Hz. If f(x) is modulated by one of the modulation schemes DSB-SC or SSB or VSB, then for demodulation, the receiver must generate a (local) carrier in phase and frequency synchronous with the incoming carrier. This is referred to as synchronous or coherent demodulation. ) (a) Draw a block diagram for the demodulator. Solution: (b) Assume that there is a frequency error in the local carrier (the phase is correctly estimated). Give the expression of the Fourier transform of the output of the demodulator for the case of DSB-SC modulation, sketch the spectrum of the output signal, and compare it with the spectrum of the original signal ( you may assume an arbitrary shape of F (w)). Solution: = cos ? cos +? = = = = = 1 2 ? = 2 ? ? ? ? ? cos cos ? cos ? os ? +? cos +? +? cos 2 +? + cos 2 + ? + ? 2 ? +? Without frequency error: Assignment 1 Sol Page: 10 of 12 With frequency error: (c) Repeat (b) for the case of SSB-SC modulation (you may do so by choosing either upper SSB or lower SSB). Solution: + sin = cos Input to the LPF: ? = cos = = = = ? ? ? ? +? + cos cos + ? cos cos cos cos ? 1 2 ? ? sin +? +? cos + + cos 2 ? +? sin sin +? +? cos cos +? +? + = 1 2 sin ? cos ? + +? + 1 2 ? ? sin 2 sin ? ? 2 ? = ? ? 2 ? ? ? 2 + + ? 2 ? +? Assignment 1 Sol Page: 11 of 12 With frequency error: d) Suppose that you are an engineer who responds to design a modulation system for a coarse environment in which it is difficult to generate a local carrier in frequency synchronous with the incoming carrier during some period of transmission. Which modulation system would you like to recommend, DSB-SC or SSB? Justify your answer. Solutio n: For DSB-SC, we notice a distortion in frequency. For SSB, we only observe a frequency shift. Therefore, it would be better to use SSB for a coarse environment. Assignment 1 Sol Page: 12 of 12

Job Satisfaction and Employee Motivation

Content Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 *Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ *2 *Empirica*l case†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ *†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. *. *7* Google†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ *. *. *. *7 *Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. *. *.. * *Conclusion & Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. *11 *References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. *13 A Critical analysis of work-motivation: a case study based on Google Inc. Introduction; _â€Å"Motivating people is easy but motivating people to work to the best of their abilities and directing their efforts to the goals of the organisation are the real issues and that is certainly not always easy† Mullins, L. J (Management and organisational behaviour, Pg 406, 5th Ed)_ This paper gives an understanding of the term _â€Å"Motivation†_. The term is used almost every day of our lives but not everyone know what it takes to actually practise motivating. In this case, I would be explaining in details what motivation is all about, the objectives of motivating an individual in a certain way and how the overall performance is affected. I would also be testing some motivational theories in an empirical case (Google). Here, I hope to identify the working style at Google; the nature of work, employees and the environment, what motivates and de-motivates employees and engineers at work. Organisations claim that their biggest asset or their major sources of competitive advantage are their employees but most organisations do not know how to motivate their employees. Research has shown that different organisations apply different style of motivation. We would analyse these empirical cases with the motivational theories discussed in the literature review and also analyse key motivational factors associated with our empirical case. This would lead to my conclusion and recommendation on how to effectively motivate employee to increase productivity and performance. A Review on Motivation and its theories Work motivation and employee satisfaction plays a more central role in the field of management theoretically and practically and it is indeed one of the most important factors affecting employee behaviour and performance. Managers attach great importance to this concept of management in organisational settings as an effective motivational practice on employee(s) lead to organisational effectiveness in different levels. The next question we can ask ourselves is â€Å"what is motivation? † The concept of motivation refers to internal factors that impel actions and external factors that can act as inducements to those actions Locke, E. A & Latham, G. P. (2004). This has being the universal definition of motivation but certain authors and researchers have aimed at giving the simplest definition to this concept. Mullins, L. J defines motivation â€Å"as the direction and persistence of action† (Pg 406, 5th Ed). Mullins went further to suggest that motivation is concerned, basically, with why people behave in a certain way, why people choose a particular course of action in preference to others and why they continue with a chosen action, often over a long period and in the face of difficulties and problems (pg 406, 5th ed). Atkinson defines motivation â€Å"as different factors that combine at a particular time to influence the duration, vigour, and persistence of an individual’s behaviour in a given situation (pp2, 1964). The three aspects of human actions which can be affected by motivation are intensity (effort), direction (choice) and duration (persistence) and coupled with experience and ability leads to effective performance Jindal-Snape & Snape, J. B (2006). Motivation, as a concept of management is vast in nature and indeed permeates many of the sub-field that compose the study of management e. . leadership, teams, performance management, managerial ethics, decision making and organisation change Steers, R. M & Mowday, T. R & Shapiro, D. L (2004) and this is the reason why this topic has attracted attentions from different authors and researchers in the past years. This has also led to the proposition of theories to support this managerial concept i. e. motivation. These theories are ref erred to as motivational theories. There are so many theories on motivation, each acting as a competitor to the other on attempt to best explain the nature of motivation. Within the vast number of theories, some are built on economic knowledge with a psychological understanding (Maslow, 1943) etc. Mullins, L. J suggests that all these theories are at least partially true and all help explain the behaviour of certain people at certain times but however, the search for a generalized theory on motivation at work appears to be in vain (Pg 414, 5th Ed). It is indeed because of the fact that there are no generalized or single solutions as to what motivates people or individual in organisation, that there are different theories on motivation. These theories are then divided into those concerned with identifying the needs toward which behaviour(s) is directed – content theory and those that are concerned with the dynamic, mental processes that lead to individuals following certain goals rather than others – process theory Jindal-Snape & Snape (2006). Abraham Maslow proposed the most influential and widely recognised theory of motivation. The Maslow theory of needs (1943) is the one of the widely discussed theories of motivation having proposed the hierarchy of needs. He proposed that individuals are wanting beings, who always want more and what they want depends on what they already have and these needs are arranged according to its importance in levels, hence the hierarchy of needs {draw:frame} Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (1943) Jindal-Snape and Snape (2006) suggests that according to this hierarchy, each need can act as a motivator, provided all needs lower in the hierarchy are satisfied and a satisfied need no longer act as a strong motivator. This goes to explain why individuals/employees who are not satisfied at their current position would be motivated to put in more efforts until their needs are satisfied. Maslow argued that the first three needs on the list represent deficiency needs that people must master before they can develop into a healthy personality, while the last two represent the growth needs that relate to individual achievements and development of human potentials Steers, R. M et al (2006). Mullins evaluated Maslow’s theory of needs by suggesting that individuals advance up the hierarchy as each lower-level needs becomes satisfied and therefore, managers must pay attention to the next higher level of needs in other to motivate employees if there is a change in behaviour (Pg 418, 5th ed). Abraham Maslow’s theory (1943) attracted criticism Wahba, A & Bridgewell, L (1976) for the existence of a definite hierarchy of need. In 1972, Clayton Alderfer modified Maslow’s hierarchy of needs model. He summarized the hierarchy of needs into a framework of three different classes of needs known as ERG Jindal-Snape & Snape (2006). Existence needs, which include nutritional and material requirements. At work places, working conditions and pay/wages fall into this type of need Relatedness needs, which are met through relationship with family and friends and at work places, relationship with fellow colleagues and managers. Growth needs which reflect desire for personal psychological development Fincham and Rhodes suggest that Clayton Alderfer (1972) theory differs in number of important respects to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (pg 198, 4th Ed). They went further to say that while Maslow proposed a progression up the hierarchy, Alderfer argued that it was better to think in terms of a continuum, from concrete (existence needs) to least concrete (growth needs) and it is possible to move along it in either directions (pg 198, 4th Ed). This means that if an individual’s need e. g. growth needs seem difficult to fulfil, that creates a frustration regression that forces a shift to another need e. g. relatedness needs. Jindal-Snape and Snape suggested that ERG theory differs from Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in that it does not assume that a need is only activated if it is deficient and two needs could operate at the same time in motivational practice. Fredrick Herzberg (1966) was accredited as the founder of the second, highly influential theory to have evolved after Maslow’s. Unlike Maslow and Alderfer, Herzberg’s work was based on research where he interviewed professionals from different companies, this work he called the Herzberg’s two-factor theory. This theory consists of two factors noted from his interviews. Factors that led to employee dissatisfaction, he called de-motivators or hygiene factors while factors that led to individual/employee satisfaction, he called motivators. Fincham and Rhodes suggest that motivators involved achievements, advancement, recognition, autonomy and other intrinsic aspect of work that represent sources of satisfaction and if absent leads to dissatisfaction while the other concerned with working conditions, salary, job security, company policy, supervisors and interpersonal relations and other sources of extrinsic aspect of work were sources of dissatisfaction (pg 199, 4th ed). Herzberg’s two factor theory are also referred to as intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors and it has being highly influential and practised. Herzberg deserves credit for introducing the field to the role of job design specifically, job enrichment as a key factor in work motivation and job attitudes Steers, M. R et al (2004). Herzberg’s two factor theory are not to be confused as being opposite of each other as Wilson, F. M suggests that the opposite of job satisfaction is no job satisfaction while the opposite of job dissatisfaction is no job dissatisfaction (Pg148, 2nd Ed). Another motivational theorist was David McClelland (1992). He based his work on the personality of individuals Jindal-Snape & Snape (2006). He identified four main motives; The achievement motive, explains our concerns for doing things better than others Power motives, desire to influence others Need for affiliation, desire to establish and have a positive relationships with people around us. Avoidance motives Very often, we hardly recognize the latter one as the top three are the most important. Mullins suggests that the first three motives correspond to Maslow’s self-actualisation, esteem and love needs (Pg 425, 5th ed) while Jindal-Snape & Snape (2006) suggests that although everyone has all needs, the strength of each need for each individual is different. They went further to say that these needs are innate and are developed relatively early in life and they remain unchanged. These motivational theories mentioned above all fall into the content theory of motivation, we have identified and elaborated on them. I would now move ahead to briefly identify some of the process theory of motivation. I will not be going into detail with the process theory of motivation as it wouldn’t be needed for the latter stages of this study. Process theories also called the cognitive theories aim at â€Å"identifying the relationships among the dynamic variable which make up motivation and the actions required to influence behaviour and actions† Mullins, L. J (Management and organisational behaviour, Pg 426, 5th Ed). Mullins suggests that it provides further contribution to our understanding of the complex nature of motivation (Pg 426, 5th Ed). Very few motivational theories fall into the category and some of these theories are Vroom’s Expectancy theory proposed by Vroom. V (1964) and then revised together with Lawler, E. & Porter, L. (1968). Goal setting theory proposed by Locke, E. A (1960s) has emerged as one of the modernised way of motivating employees Wiley (1997). This theory emerged as researchers began to discover that simple act of specifying target for behaviour enhanced task performance Steers, R. M et al (2004). Locke (1968) suggests that the logic of goal setting theory is that an employee’s conscious intentions i. . the goals are primary determinants of task-related motivation since goals are instruments that direct our thoughts and actions. Results of goals/self-regulation research indicate two critical preconditions of a positive goal-performance feedback: acceptance of goals assignment and provisions for performance feedback Wiley (1997). An Empirical Case Having discussed and understood what motivation and the related theories are all about, the next step is to identify how applicable these theories are in a real life situation especially for the purpose of this case study. Jindal-Snape and Snape (2006) suggest that to answer this sort of questions, we first need to consider the nature of the work and the environment, and then the nature of these workers themselves. About Google Google Inc. is an American public corporation. [1]Founded in 1998, Google runs the world’s most popular internet search engine. Its position has earned the organisation huge profits and given it outsize influence over the online world. It is also known for the quirky corporate culture created by its billionaire co-founder, Larry Page and Sergey Brin which includes a chaotic, campus-like atmosphere at its offices, where workers are pampered with free, chef-prepared food and other amenities. My research environment (Google) is highly engineering-driven and we all know that engineers enjoy a lot of trust, creativity and power which is very different from most jobs at a more product-driven company. Firstly, I would be giving a proper definition of what engineering is all about, the nature of engineers and what motivates them. Engineers are people who are qualified, trained professionally to engage in various branches of engineering. Wen, C. K (2007) suggests that engineers are normally assigned to problems and a specific set of goals and constraints; they find technical solution to the problem that satisfies these goals within those constraints and these goals and constraints may be technical, social or business related. Engineers solve practical problems with the aid of technological tools, mathematical and scientific knowledge which they possess. They are often confused with scientist Jindal-Snape & Snape (2006) but in essence, scientist explore nature to discover undiscovered principals while engineers apply these principles coupled with technological knowledge to solve technical problems. In the field of engineering, engineers are generally motivated by two most important factors; innovation and creativity. Engineering involves creativity as it gives engineers the freedom to engage in self-driven tasks. This can act as a very strong intrinsic motivation which it corresponds to Herzberg’s motivator in his two theories (1966). Vere, I. 2009) argues that it is implicit that creativity is integral to design innovation, and that design and the fostering of creativity should be the cornerstone of engineering pedagogy. Further, Vere, I. D suggests that creativity is of paramount importance in the engineering practice as it endows one with the insight and discipline to seek out and address problems from the boundaries of dif ferent engineering disciplines. For engineers, innovation leads to an awareness of self-importance which corresponds to esteem needs on Maslow’s (1943) hierarchy of needs. Innovation and innovativeness leads to recognition Herzberg’s two-factor theory (1966). Innovation leads to advancement which creates challenges as Jindal-Snape & Snape suggest that the rate at which science and technology are advancing provides a different set of challenges and if these engineers were to stay on top of their game, access to up-to-date equipments must be necessary and at hand. Engineers are also highly motivated through feedbacks on their innovation and products, an assured link between their efforts and outcome Jindal-Snape & Snape (2006) and researchers have also shown that this field of occupation are highly motivated by intrinsic factors than extrinsic factors. Having said all this, we would be looking at some secondary empirical data from ex-googlers relating to employees’ satisfaction, problem encountered with aim at exploring and identifying the perception of these engineers regarding the factors that motivate them. I would be discussing ways on how such problems could be minimized, motivational schemes that can be put in place to eliminate such problems. According to a blog [2] posted by an ex-googler stating his reasons why he left the search giants, he states and I quote; â€Å"For one thing, it was unlikely to initially be able to work in an area that one was passionate _about, the products and team where all interesting and exciting to work with but unfortunately, I was unable to be passionate about my particular area. This became less of an issue as time went by but for experienced engineers that have good knowledge and understanding of what they want and what sort of things they enjoy working on, this could lead to job dissatisfaction†. The same engineer and ex-googler as above went further to say that due to sheer size of code base and vast number of Google’s specific tools and frameworks; it also takes very long time to learn how to actually become productive at Google, which can be very annoying, frustrating and de-motivating at times. Another internet blog [3] from an engineer and ex-googler reports his insights about what it was really like working for Google. This particular engineer who now works for Microsoft reports that the lava lamps, organic dinner and free shuttle; hygiene factor (Herzberg’s two-factor theory, 1966) put in place to act as a source of motivation lies a company where employees end up working long hours, don’t enjoy private offices and get paid less. He also highlighted some de-motivators working for Google. _â€Å"Employees are generally in the building working long hours between 10am to 6pm and after that, most engineers spend most of their evening working from home. There are employees whose desks are literally in the hallway. Google does not place any value on past or previous industry experience but puts tremendous values on degrees especially from Stanford. Employees actually get paid less salary compared to the amount of effort put in and the quality of the health insurance is not above standards. Most employees don’t actually get a 20percent project and managers will not remind you to start one†. _ According to another internet source [4], a 20percent project is an allocation of 20percent time to every engineer and employee at Google to work on side projects and indeed great innovation come out from this provision of 20percent time e. g. -mail, Google news etc. Very few internet blogs from ex-googlers show job dissatisfaction at Google while most internet blogs and videos indeed agree that Google is indeed a very unique place to work. Engineers and employees agree that the organisation provides everything they needed to work with and be productive but it’s up to them i. e. the engi neers to take that extra mile. We have understood the theoretical aspect of motivation and we have seen some empirical cases of engineers and ex-googlers. Now, I would be analysing these empirical cases with some of the motivational theories discussed above to form a conclusion. Extrinsic Factors/Hygiene Factors (Herzberg, 1966) These factors provide less or no motivation to employees but the absence of these factors leads to a dissatisfaction in work places. In organisations, managers perceive extrinsic motivation as a motivator but in essence, they are not real motivators, rather they support the mental ability and health of these employees. Such factors include wages, benefits, company policies and administrative rules and regulation governing these employees, interpersonal relations with fellow colleagues, supervisors and subordinates, good working conditions and security. From one of the blogs above, we observed an engineer and ex-googler who was dissatisfied with the nature of the job. He emphasized on long working hours and less salary paid which does not compensate for the long hours of working. Early management theories such as Fredrick W. Taylor’s scientific management theory suggested using financial compensation to impel motivation and job performance Wiley (1997). Wiley also suggested that while controversies persisted, pay or good wages is generally valued by all employees and good wages continues to be ranked among the top five factors that motivate people in their respective jobs. Also, according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (1943), psychological needs are said to be the first and most important need to be satisfied and in other to satisfy this needs, good or satisfactory wage has to be paid to employees to ensure maximum productivity. This same employee identified poor working conditions as another factor that contributed to his dissatisfaction. He brought to our attention that some employees have their office desk literally on the hallway due to the fact that there were less room available. He also made mention of the company’s health insurance which was not up to standard. These factors constitute to employee dissatisfaction and change in behaviour and attitude towards work. This also corresponds with Clayton Alderfer’s (1972) existence needs which include material requirements, good working conditions and substantial pay. For these employees to work effectively and productively, this need has to be satisfied but not as much as their intrinsic needs if there exists any. Extrinsic factors could be a source of motivation for these engineers unlike scientists Jinda-Snape & Snape (2006) where salaries, incentive schemes, prospects for promotion and other extrinsic factors were not considered as motivating factors. Intrinsic factors/Motivators (Herzberg 1966) Motivational factors (Herzberg, 1966) are factors which build strong motivation and create a high job satisfaction for employees and they are directly related to the job content of any employee. Absence or decrease in level of these motivations is sure to affect the level of employee satisfaction. An observation in the internet blog from an ex-googler identifies this factor as a major contributor of his dissatisfaction at Google. He states that he was no allowed to work in an area that he was passionate about, leading to dissatisfaction. Herzberg’s two-factor theory (1966) mentions autonomy or having a responsibility as an employee to undertake personal tasks leads to job satisfaction. This need to work where one is passionate about leads to self development and achievement and this relates to Clayton Alderfer’s (1972) growth need reflecting the desire for one’s personal development. From the internet blog described above, the ex-googler and employee reports that Google does not place value on past experience. I think this statement relates to the need for recognition (Herzberg, 1966) and the need for achievement (David McClelland, 1992). These two needs both represent intrinsic factors that motivate engineers. They want to be recognized for their individual achievements as well as scientist (Jindal-Snape & Snape, 2006). Another intrinsic factor which motivates employees and engineers at Google is the nature of innovation and being innovative. From a video posted on the internet on life at Google, engineers are allocated personal time to engage in self-driven tasks which leads to side projects and occasionally transform into innovations. From the blog above, we observed that an engineer was dissatisfied due to the fact that most employees do not actually get that 20percent project and managers do not remind them to start one. This also relates to Clayton Alderfer’s (1972) growth need and desire for personal development. Analysis of Google key motivational factor Google seems to be aware of what motivates its employee to their best at work, the need to customize and individualize programs for motivation and intrinsic rewards. Individualization defines human beings as unique in different ways and Google accomplishes this individualization by allowing each engineer in the company take one day a week to work on personal related projects. This is the ultimate in individualization because it not only gives the employee the choice of choosing any projects but allows autonomy and independence in management of the project; growth needs (Clayton Alderfer, 1972). Google also identifies what motivates its employee through communicating with them and because of this communication that they are able to motivate employees through intrinsic rewards. Conclusion and recommendations Over the past years, there have been numerous surveys on what motivates employees to do their best work and in other to attain to high levels of performance; employers depend on their employees to perform at levels that positively affect the bottom line Wiley (1997). We have learnt that the various theories of motivation discussed in my literature review have various applications in managerial practices. When applying these theories practically, managers must take into consideration how each employee feel and react to their work. These employee feelings and reaction are based on their personality, characteristics, need pattern and values. It also depends on the job component, nature and role of the job, the autonomy and skills in executing the task. Managers must consider both intrinsic and extrinsic aspect of the task and apply various motivational theories when suitable. When motivating these employees with intrinsic factors, managers and employers must show appreciation and give credit to employees for their work and always praise for a job well-done Wiley (1997). Wiley also suggest that recognition and praise are probably the most powerful and efficient, yet the least costly motivational tool. Another intrinsic motivational tool that managers should apply is autonomy and employee independence. This creates a sense of moral respect for an employee’s action towards their work and creates a huge motivation and job satisfaction. Google managers should allow engineers take on projects that they are passionate about. This freedom to participate on self-driven task would create job satisfaction as human being enjoy what they love doing. Extrinsic factors are related to the content or environment in which the job is executed. Mangers and employers must ensure that employees get satisfactory wage to cater for their psychological needs which is first on the order of hierarchy, ensure that there are good working conditions, provision of tangible rewards and fringe benefits, job security, job re-design and promotion offered to act as source of motivation to employees. Promotion and growth in the organisation and interesting work are longstanding factors that motivate people to do their best work. Employers and managers should communicate with their employees often to identify their personal needs. Employee survey should be used to gain additional information from employees regarding motivational preferences and this is often what they value and lack. Wiley further suggest that if organisations adequately and regularly administer such surveys and consider their results, then perhaps they would gain a great deal on competitive advantage through motivated and productive employees. Reference Alderfer, C. P (1972) Existence, Relatedness and Growth: Human needs in Organisational settings. The Free Press, New York. Atkinson, J. W. (1964) Introduction to motivation. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand Cardona, P & Lawrence, B. S & Espejo, A. (2003) Outcome-based theory of work motivation. Working paper No. 495. University of Navarra, Spain. Delfgaauw, J & Dur, R. (2004) Incentives and workers’ motivation in the public sector. CESIFO working paper No. 1223. Ellers, N & Gilder, D. D & Haslam, S. A. (2004) Motivating individuals and groups at work: A social identity perspective on leadership and group performance. Academy of management review, Vol. 29, No. 3, 459-478 Fincham, R & Rhodes, P. 2005) Principals of organisational behaviour. 4th Edition. Oxford University Press Inc. , New York. Herzberg, F. (1966) Work and the nature of man, World publishing co. , Cleveland, OH. Jindal-Snape, D & Snape, J. B (2006) Motivation of scientists in a government research institute; Scientists’ perception and the role of management. Journal of management decision. Vol: 44 No 10, p p. 1325-1343. Kanfer, R & Ackerman, P. L. (2004) Aging, adult development and work motivation. Academy of management review, Vol. 29, No. 3, 440-458. Locke, E. A & Latham, G. P (2004) What should we do about motivation theory? Six recommendations for the twenty-first century. Academy of Management review, Vol. 29, No. 3, 388-403. Maslow, A. (1943) A theory of human motivation. Psychological review, Vol. 50, No. 4 , pp. 370-96. Maslow, A. H. (1954) Motivation and personality. New York: Harper & Row. Mullins, L. J (1999) Management and organisational behaviour. 5th Edition. FT Prentice hall Osterloh, M & Frey, B. S (1999) Motivation, Knowledge transfer and organisational form. Institute for empirical research in economics. University of Zurich. Price, D. (2007) A comparative Review of attributes of engineers in senior management roles. A Dissertation submitted to the faculty of engineering and surveying. University of Southern Queensland. Seo, G & Barraett, L. F & Bartunek, J. M (2004) The role of affective experience in work motivation. Academy of Management review, Vol. 29, No. 3, 423-439 Steen, E. V (2006) The limits of authority: Motivation versus Coordination. MIT Sloan school of management. Working paper 4626-06 Steers, R. M & Mowday, R. T & Shapiro, D. L (2004) The future of work motivation theory. Academy of Management review, Vol. 29, No. 3, 379-387. Van Herpen, M & Van Praag, M & Cools, K. 2003) The effects of performance measurement and compensation on motivation; an empirical study. Tinbergen Institute for economic research, Amsterdam. Vere, I. (2009) Developing creative engineers: A design approach to engineering education. ICEPDE, Brighton. UK Wahba, A & Bridgewell, L (1976). â€Å"Maslow reconsidered: A review of research on the need hierarchy theory†. Organizational Behaviour and Human Perfor mance (15): 212–240. Wen, C. K (2007) Is there any difference in CEO characteristics between government, not-for-private, publicly listed sector: Implications for engineers aspiring to become top-senior managers. A Dissertation submitted to the faculty of engineering. University of Southern Queensland. Wilson, F. M. (2004) Organisational behaviour and work: a critical introduction, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press Inc. , New York. Wiley, C. (1997) What motivates employees according to over 40 years of motivation surveys. International journal of manpower, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 263-80 [1] Company Information (Google), [updated Jan 5th 2010] http://topics. nytimes. com/top/news/business/companies/google_inc/index. html? scp=1&sq=google%20inc&st=Search [2] Ex-googler’s blog, 2008, on leaving Google Available at:

Practical Report and Article analysis Essay

The article focuses on childrens perceptions of music by Radiohead who are known for being a depressive band but others say ‘creative geniuses.’ If the media changes trends and perceptions then what effect can one bands’ songs have on an individual. ‘Those social stimuli that are the products of the behaviour of other people essentially constitute culture.’ As stated by Segall, culture relates to perception and generalisation of this can depend on age, wealth and country. The children, aged ten years old from California, USA listened to Radiohead tracks and then drew their impression of the songs showing what perceptions were created from the stimuli. The children requested ‘Sean Paul instead’ but were told to listen to Radiohead so forced compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith) may have caused them to cognitively ‘switch off’ and draw anything which is why pictures such as ‘Aliens, church organs and McDonalds fries’ were created. The negativity of the situation by not being allowed their music may have caused dissonance as the children try to make sense of the consequences and the effect on their arousal level (Cooper and Fazio.) These children were used as they are â€Å"the best way to get honest reactions† about a band which already has strong opinions formed about them due to media coverage. But the children may not have wanted to get the ‘answer’ wrong so helping behaviour, echolalia, and self-fulfilling prophecy were used by copying their neighbour ‘the girl next to him starts to copy’ to try to get the answer the teacher wants. The social psychology here demonstrates how behaviours are reflected on to other people who then start to show the same feelings through body language, ‘the hold your head in your hands look is extremely popular.’ A psychological concept for this can be the attribution theory (Fiske and Tayler) where a typical behaviour is acknowledged so then appears acceptable to perform the same way. Identify some psychological evidence that applies to the source?  The psycholinguistics of the relationship between language and mind was displayed in this article. Morton says that logogens (key words) can trigger associations or create connecting ideas, one picture shows it is raining, based on the lyric ‘come on rain down on me,’ this child then thought about what he does when it rains (stays inside his house watching the rain was the basis of this picture) so ideas have been created from a few lyrics. Many of the songs referred to negative feelings for example ‘You’d kill yourself for recognition.’ so these may have affected the drawings. Savan investigated the effect music had on disruptive children. She started to play Mozart during science lessons over five months for an hour each day. The bio-physiological effect of this music caused lower blood pressure and pulse rate whilst the childrens’ behaviour and concentration improved. It is believed the music increased endorphin production, reduced corticosteroirds and adrenalin so metabolism slowed and co-ordination improved so biologically music is positive. This was calming music whereas Radiohead caused images of death (and ice cream.) Reports are appearing within media about the effect various music is having on people and there is a rise in cases of depression and suicide, at the same time more young people are listening to radio stations such as ‘Classic FM’ especially around exams because it is calming. Some studies such as Savan’s show the biophysical effects that music has but it would be a good contrast is this was done again using music such as heavy metal to see what changes occur within students. Schachter says there is a relationship between physiological arousal and emotion caused by external stimulus, like Savon’s study that found classical music calmed down pupils perhaps Radiohead’s lyrics make children feel frustrated and upset. The children all showed physical effects including lack of movement and a reduction in facial expressions when the music was played as stated by Schachter that physical effects such as faster heart rate occur from stimulus, an example could be clubbing music makes people move quickly whereas Radiohead slowly paces along and may make the children more socially aware.

1. The war on terror is more important than the war on poverty Essay

1. The war on terror is more important than the war on poverty. Discuss - Essay Example Appendix A shows a table of the cost of various war events. This essay analyzes the impact the current war on terror has on the worldwide battle against hunger. The official data the war between the United States and its allies commence was after the terrorist attacks on the twin towers in which two commercial airplanes were used as missiles by suicidal bombers who took hostile all the civilians abort these aircrafts. Thousands of people lost their lives and the top financial epicenter in the world was shutdown causing chaos. The airline transportation and energy industry were hit hard as well as the entire global economy since it entered into disequilibrium. The efforts of the developed nation that today compose G8 were not doing enough to battle world hunger prior to the war, after the start on Terror the battle against hunger became even less important to the developed world and huge amounts of funds were diverted for war related activities. Around the world there are many places in which its inhabitants simply do not have anything to eat and suffer from malnutrition to the level that people are dying on hunger which is why the existence of this atrocity and the efforts to combat it is called the war on hunger. In the southern part of Africa below the Sahara there are over 33 million children living in malnutrition in a sub-human standard of living; in 2006 five million children in Africa died from malnutrition a figure that represents 40% of the deaths worldwide (Country Insight, 2007). Society has to stop this immediately and bring a resolution to end this war in order to ensure everyone on earth has a plate of food on the table. Other regions that are suffering the victims of the battle against hunger are the overpopulated country of India, the Middle East region and Latin America. The war of poverty requires trillions of dollars as well a plan to develop the economies of these nation for them

Qualitative report.How do people develop and maintain friendships at Essay

Qualitative report.How do people develop and maintain friendships at University - Essay Example The friends should enjoy the company of one another, they should be useful for each other in time of problems and needs and this condition is regarded as the most paramount condition for being a good friend. The third pre requisite is that they should share a common belonging with certain idea of concept. In other words they must share the same interests or hobbies that will be a cement substance for the long time relationship. Aristotle supports the same idea of pre-conditions in the friendship. Similarly, Bell and Coleman altercated that friendship is a bond or relationship in which there is not a specific reason for â€Å"self centred† behaviours and these friendship is not necessarily grounded with the intentions of gain or profit. Changingminds.org (2002)   The classical views and conventional ideas supported that in friendship, the constraints of the relationship vary a lot from person to person. For example Graham Allan said that in friendship. The more things which a re weighed are informal behaviours, pleasure, comfort, care and voluntary skills. Because friendship is not based on some pre defined profits, loss or gain, rather it is the culminating need of the humans to have friends in order to support each other, emotionally, mentally and for the fulfilment of societal needs. Resourcelists.st-andrews.ac.uk (2012) According to Aristotle, there are mainly two kinds of friendships at the generic level. First type of friendship that is genuine and the friendship that is not truly genuine. Genuine friendship comprises of the essence and peculiarity of love and care. The other kind of friendship is in turn divided in two kinds. Friendship for pleasure and the other type is friendship for expediency and serviceability. In this kind of friendship the bond is developed with the intention of selfishness in some form or the other. This type of bond is bound to extenuate and abate as no two human beings can either provide pleasure of any kind of utility f or each other indefinitely. In genuine friendship, love is the driving force in the relationship and irrespective of usability and pleasure; the both sides continue to uphold the sanctity of the relationship because it helps to fulfil their spiritual and societal needs. The usability and pleasure is the intended by products of genuine friendship. The genuine friendships are necessary to improve the relationships among the human beings in a society as it brings people closer to each other by instigating a sense of voluntary actions within their nature. Infed.org (1999)   Suzanne Stern-Gillet that the example of friendships that are based on pleasure and utility is just like activities of the normal life because such kind of friendships does not affect the human lives in high magnitudes. If someone has a friend who gives internal pleasure and some kind of gain to the other friend then it will not matter much when this friendship will end because there will be some another one to rep lace the former. But this is not the case in the friendships which have the spirit of love based friendship. Genuine friendships really put effects on people’s life because the peculiar charm in genuine friendship is related with personalities rather than materialistic gains. The personalities are important to each other in genuine friendships and sense of care and responsibility gives boost to this approach of friendship. Plato.stanford.edu (2005) There are numerous theories and practices about the

The advantages of and precautions needed when using waste water for Essay - 1

The advantages of and precautions needed when using waste water for agricultural uses in developing countries - Essay Example This review seeks to show how waste water holds the key to solving the water deficiencies that exist the world over plus the advantages of using this method. It will also highlight the challenges that come along with the usage of this type of water source and the methods of dealing with these challenges. It is common knowledge that the world is faced with the challenge of an ever increasing population. This means that there has to be an increased level of agricultural activity in order to cater for the increased demand. However the main challenge of this is that there are dwindling sources of water to cater for the agricultural activity. This is especially true when one considers that the majority of the world’s agricultural activity, that is dependent on rainfall, has been disrupted due to many factors such as climate change and increased pollution levels of water bodies the world over (UNEP). This has also been coupled by the increasing non-agricultural demand for water such as for industrial usage has put additional pressure on the scarce water resources that exist. The challenges of an increasing water scarcity for agricultural purposes have led to nations the world over turning to the use of wastewater to support their agricultural activities. Wastewater can be defined s imply as water that has been contaminated by any material that does not occur naturally in water itself (UNEP). Waste water can be used to irrigate in two main forms; one as water that has been reclaimed from wastewater otherwise known as treated water and in the second form it is used as non-treated water, in its raw form. When it is used as non-treated water in most cases the water is most cases applied directly to the plants and is used as a means to prevent the pollution of water bodies such as rivers and lakes. In most cases especially in the industrialised nations the water is used after

Flexible Work Schedule and its Impact on Private Company Employee Research Proposal

Flexible Work Schedule and its Impact on Private Company Employee Performance in Saudi Arabia - Research Proposal Example In the 21st Century though, there is the need for some kind of departure from the normal 8-hour working day in a five working day need for several reasons. Bohlander & Snell (2009 p173) identifies that the departure from the normal schedule might be necessary to keep the organizational productivity high and enhance the morale of workers by giving them control over their work schedule. This is because people now have a wide array of needs and desires at different times of their lives. The typical expectations of a worker might be the need to attend to family commitments, need for leisure and pleasure to enjoy earnings and the need for social commitments like maintaining religious and extended family ties (Segev, 2005 p78). Additionally, deviation from the normal 8 to 5 work schedule allows businesses to maintain the stature of an attractive employer. This enables a business to attract the best employees on the open market. Collectively, the recruitment and selection of the best employees allows a business to attain long-term benefits for the business. Bohlander & Snell (2009 p174) identifies the concept of flexible work schedule as an attempt by a business to maintain high productivity levels whilst deviating from the traditional working-hour requirements of their employees. In other words, flexible work schedule (FWS) allows a business to set up a system which enables employees to continue working and meeting high levels of results without necessarily having to work from 8am to 5pm for five days in a week.... Bohlander & Snell (2009 p174) identify four main types of flexible work schedule. They include: 1. Compressed Workweek: This entails reducing the number of days in the workweek by lengthening the hours of work each week. Thus for example, a person might be required to work for ten hours a day and for four days in a week instead of eight hours a day for five days a week. The 4/10 work week will enable the worker to take a day off to attend to other things. 2. Flexitime: This is a system where the worker will be allowed to choose daily starting and quitting hours. Typically, the flexitime system might give the employee a range of possibilities which are negotiable, leaving peak hours or crucial hours as non-negotiable times (Liff, 2007 p74). Thus a worker can choose to start work at 6am and close at 2pm or start at 10am and close at 6pm, with each covering an 8-hour period. 3. Job sharing: This is where two part-time employees take one full time job. In this case, each of the employee might have to work for three days a week and from the synergistic efforts of the combined employees, the business would stand to gain more in terms of productivity. 4. Telecommuting: With telecommuting, an employee might be allowed to work from home. This can be attained by the use of modern real-time equipment and gadgets like computers, Internet and telephones. Through telecommuting, an employee can avoid the traffic of traditional commuting, save time and get to handle other social activities effectively. The human ecology theory of motivation suggests that individuals are affected by the external environment they operate within and this enables them to shape their inner thoughts and emotions to attain various results (Bubolz & Sontag, 1993 p2). This indicates that there

Annotated Bibliography (fashion) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

(fashion) - Annotated Bibliography Example The agency downplays her death and denies that the model had an eating disorder. This article from the New York Times reports that many high school age boys that take steroids do it to enhance their body image to attract girls. It states that many are not involved in athletics at all. This is important because it removes the factor of the athlete using them to enhance a career. This article is evidence that it is being done by teenagers for vanity purposes only. The author also lists the high potential for a number of serious side effects. This article will compliment the Kroichick and Stephens article on the same topic. Kroichick, Ron, and Mitch Stephens. "More High School Athletes Risking Steroid Use." San Francisco Chronicle 2 Nov. 2003. 19 Mar. 2007 . This article covers the number of high school students who are estimated to be taking steroids. It quotes the leading authority on steroid use in teens. It will tie in with the Egan article to show the escalating numbers of teens who take body enhancement drugs. The Nowak article is a source for the number of people who seek plastic surgery. It breaks down the numbers by types of surgery. It also reports on the percentage of patients who suffer from a mental disorder. This will connect with the article in the American Journal of Epidemiology that reports high suicide rates among plastic surgery patients.

Drama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Drama - Essay Example Amanda decides marriage is the only answer for Laura and forces Tom to find a beau for his sister. Unfortunately, the one he finds, while perfectly acceptable to both Laura and Amanda, is already engaged. This leaves Laura with a broken heart, symbolized by the broken unicorn Laura encourages him to keep as a souvenir. The play is a tragedy because Amanda, having had the opportunity to learn from her past, continues to live in a dream-world of her own creation, effectively crushing her children’s chances to create their own dreams. Amanda reveals her dreams in her expectations for her children. She continues to hold out hopes for a good marriage for her daughter in spite of her extreme shyness and poverty. This starts with her own recitation of the quality of her suitors, â€Å"My callers were gentlemen – all! Among my callers were some of the most prominent young planters of the Mississippi Delta – planters and sons of planters† (I, 148). Her expectations for her son are that he become like one of these old suitors in spite of his own youth and lack of education or social advancement. These expectations reveal that â€Å"Amanda lives in the past and imposes unrealistic rules of conduct upon her children† (Popkin, 1960, p. 46). Immediately upon Tom telling her that he has a friend coming over for dinner, Amanda already considers him her daughter’s future husband. Tom tries to reign her in by stating â€Å"Lots of fellows meet girls whom they don’t marry† (V, 184 ), but Amanda just tells him to â€Å"talk sensibly.† This emphasizes Amanda’s tendency to crush the realities of their situation and the ideas of her children beneath her own dreams and memories. Richard Vowles (1958) describes the play’s dreamlike qualities as another element intended to point out this oppression: â€Å"One scene dissolves into another. There is, indeed, almost a submarine quality about the play, the kind of poetic slow motion that

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 34

Economics - Essay Example ctive of the essay a detailed elaboration has been presented on the major effectiveness of the liberalization of trade on the level of poverty of nations. With the recent years of globalization, the countries have been able to curtail down borders and accordingly, enhance international trade. This internationalization was initially observed to increase the level of quality living in a nation. Openness and trade liberalization are presently observed to be the key components that lead to the development of an economy. Liberalization of trade is by far identified to be the central source that has been playing a pivotal role to ensure successful economic development. On the contrary, when theorists are elaborating the success of trade for economic development extreme poverty continues to persist1. Globalization has emerged to be the most important factors of the global economy after the Cold War. The globalization has become a defining feature of the global economy in the 21st century and a major source of initiating international integration. However, the world still persists on the basic principles of the national and domestic policies determining the economic affairs of nations. During the last phases of the 20th century, the rapid internationalization became evident with the expansion of the Multinational Corporation (MNC). This forced different national economies to integrate with the international economies globally. Contrarily this even instigated the effect of international economy on the domestic economies of nations2;3. Internationalization of trade has in turn been implying a huge impact on the economic decision making of nations. It has often been observed that the interlinked economic system in this globalized world has often made it difficult for the underdeveloped economy to pace up their growth as well as development with the developed ones. Moreover, the financial crisis experienced in one segment of the global economy creates a huge impact on the

Operations Management Topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Operations Management Topics - Essay Example Each function of the company then derives their separate strategy to support the firm's values and vision and the operations that are needed to support that strategy help develop the operational strategy. Making it easy, the operations strategy helps to specify how a particular firm will employ its operational activities to support the business strategy. Customers are the most valuable aspect in the supply chain. They are the one through which we are able to generate revenues from. They are the one who are needed to be pleased by the products and services that companies put forward in order for those companies to prosper in the long run. Therefore, it is one of the core values to satisfy the needs and wants of the customers in order to fulfill the main purpose of the organization. If a customer views your product being one of those on which he or she does not have to spend much money or there is a substitute present in the market, it becomes necessary for the organization to improve on cost-effectiveness and reduce the price of the product in order to lure in the customer to your product. Price/cost strategy is usually used in this case however; this strategy can only be employed if the firm is able to mass produce or is ready to accept a lower profit margin in order to grasp the market share. In the operations strategy framework, fulfillment of customer needs top the chart. All the new and existing products are manufactured keeping in mind the needs of the customers. One tremendous example is of Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart has a reputation in the eyes of the customer as being the best retailer chain as they are able to supply the products with the lowest prices by accepting a smaller profit margin. Their tremendous volume helps them make up even more than before. Another very important factor that plays an important role is the competitiveness of a firm. They are based on the elements of the operations on which they need to excel in order to gain competitiveness in the environment over a certain aspect. b) Competitors: Competitors are a part of the general macro environment for any firm and their decisions and strategies have a major impact on the different strategies that are being followed in the particular firm. Competitors are one of the major threats to a business and by knowing valuable information about how your competitors are functioning in the market, you might be able to compete with them on fair basis. in order to provide your product or service at a much better price, one needs to examine how the competitors are working, focus on their positives and try not to copy their negatives and develop a strategy in such a way that is counteracts their competitors strategy and helps you to achieve competitiveness. When it comes to developing an operational strategy, price or cost effectiveness comes into place. A firm

Floods in India Essay Example for Free

Floods in India Essay Floods are caused by weather phenomena and events that deliver more precipitation to a drainage basin than can be readily absorbed or stored within the basin. Acre-foot. Volume of water required to cover 1 acre of land (43,560 square feet) to a depth of 1 foot; equivalent to 325,851 gallons. Cubic feet per second (ft? /s). A unit of measurement expressing rates of  discharge. One cubic foot per second is equal to thedischarge  of a stream of rectangular cross section, 1 foot wide and 1 foot deep, flowing water an average velocity of 1 foot per second. Equivalent to 448. 8 gallons per minute. Discharge. Rate of flowa volume of fluid passing a point per unit time, commonly expressed in  cubic feet per second, million gallons per day, or gallons per minute. Drainage basin. A part of the surface of the Earth that is occupied by a drainage system, which consists of a surface stream or a body of impounded  surface water  together with all tributary surface streams and bodies of impounded  surface water. Land area drained by a stream or river. Flash flood. The result of heavy or excessive amounts of rainfall within a short period of time, usually less than 6 hours, causing water to rise and fall quite rapidly. Flood. An overflow or inundation that comes from a river or other body of water and causes or threatens damage. Any relatively high  streamflow  overtopping the natural or artificial banks in any reach of a stream. Flood frequency. Refers to a flood level that has a specified percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. For example, a 100-year flood occurs  on average  once every 100 years and thus has a 1-percent chance of occurring in a given year. Flood plain. A strip of relatively flat-lying land that borders a stream and is underlain by sediment carried by the stream and dropped in the slack water beyond the influence of the swiftest current. Flood stage. The  stage  at which overflow of the natural  streambanks  begins to cause damage in the reach in which the elevation is measured. Flood stages for each USGS gaging station are usually provided by the National Weather Service. Gage datum. An arbitrary datum plane that is established for a particular gaging station to which water-surface elevations can be compared. Gage height. See  Stage. Gaging station. A site on a stream, canal, lake, or reservoir where systematic observations of gage height or waterdischarge  are obtained by a gage, recorder, or similar equipment. Peak stage. The maximum height of a water surface above an established datum. Same as peak gage height. Precipitation. Rain, snow, hail, or sleet. Real-time data. Data collected by automated instrumentation and telemetered and analyzed quickly enough to influence a decision that affects the monitoring system. Recurrence interval. The average interval of time within which the magnitude of a given event, such as a flood, will be equaled or exceeded one time. Stage. The height of a water surface above an established datum. Used interchangeably with gage height. Streambank. The margins of a stream channel. Banks are called right and left as viewed facing the direction of flow. Streamflow. The discharge or flow that occurs in a natural channel. Although the term discharge can be applied to the flow of a canal, the word streamflow uniquely describes the discharge in a surface stream course. Surface runoff. That part of the runoff that travels over the soil surface to the nearest stream channel. It also is defined as that part of the runoff of a drainage basin that has not passed beneath the surface following precipitation. Surface water. Water on the surface of the Earth. Water year. The water year deals with the surface-water supply for a 12-month period, October 1 through September 30. The water year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends and which includes 9 out of the 12 months. Thus, the year ending September 30, 1999, is called the 1999 water year. NOTE:  Some definitions were excerpted from other sources. Terms 1. Current and historic stream water levels are reported as stage above a gage datum or as water-surface elevation above sea level. which is the addition of the stage to the gage datum.

The Power Of Brand Accessibility Coca Cola Marketing Essay

The Power Of Brand Accessibility Coca Cola Marketing Essay Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink sold in stores, restaurants and vending machines internationally. The Coca-Cola Company claims that the beverage is sold in more than 200 countries. It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta, Georgia, and is often referred to simply as Coke or (in European and American countries) as cola, pop, or in some parts of the U.S. soda. Originally intended as a patent medicine when it was invented in the late 19th century by John Pemberton, Coca-Cola was bought out by businessman As a Griggs Candler, whose marketing tactics led Coke to its dominance of the world soft-drink market throughout the 20th century. The company produces concentrate, which is then sold to licensed Coca-Cola bottlers throughout the world. The Coca-Cola Company has, on occasion, introduced other cola drinks under the Coke brand name. The most common of these is Diet Coke, with others including Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola, Diet Coke Caffeine-Free, Coca-Cola Cherry, Coca-Cola Zero, Coca-Cola Vanilla, and special editions with lemon, lime or coffee. Brand development strategy of Coca Cola has been far reaching and has managed to remain in the limelight ever since it became a favorite with the non alcoholic drinkers.It has been noticed that brand loyalty is an important factor in maintaining the number one position. ounded in the year 1886, the Coca Cola company enjoys the status of being one of the biggest non alcoholic beverage companies of the world. It has a distribution system, which makes it unique from the rest of the non alcoholic beverage manufacturers. Over the years, Coca Cola has passed several tests of brand enhancement and the company makes it a point that the products under the banner Coca Colacontinue to invade the minds of the consumers. The brand development strategy of Coca Cola comprised redesigning of its brand development policies and techniques to keep up with the changing mindset of its consumers. Earlier, this brand believed in the following: Afford ability, Availability, Acceptability, However, this brand development strategy of Coca Cola was re worked to stress on the following instead: Price value, Preference Pervasive penetration.The essence of brand building of the company lies in the fact that it wants its consumers accessibility to be within an arms reach of desire. In an attempt to build its brand identity, as many as 20 brand attributes are tested every month involving as many as 4000 customers. The brand development strategy of Coca Cola is effective as it has been able to construct, manage As well as maintain its brand image. Another reason why this brand has gained unanimous acceptance all around the globe is due to the fact that it has been able to connect very well with its consumers. This impli es brand loyalty. Brand loyalty has been instrumental in keeping up the brand image of Coca Cola. It believes in shelling out the best so that the consumers are retained by default. A part of the brand building technique is also to enhance purchase frequency. The company has also invested in various advertisement campaigns often engaging the services of celebrities around the globe. In addition to the consumers, there is another category of consumers, who increase the consumer base and they constitute the collectors of the brand. The collectors usually indulge in collecting old as well as upcoming logos of Coca Cola, bottles and literary matter. With regard to the brand development of Coca Cola Zero, the company came out with an advertisement, which was quite different from the conventional ones. In this regard, (no calorie beverage), it has shelled out three types of products.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Coca Cola Classic  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Diet Coke  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Coca Cola Zero. There are few experts who believe that when Coca Cola had the tag line of The Real Thing, it was really that but with the invention of various categories of coke, the real thing changes to many things, and the original flavor is usually lost. Hence, the brand building strategies should be such that it does not confuse people and is able to retain consumers despite the fact that several new non alcoholic beverage firms are on the anvil. The Power of Brand Accessibility If you were another soft drink company, you might define your competitive frame of reference as the cola market or the soft drink market or even the beverage market. But Coke thinks of its business and its market share in terms of share of human liquid consumption. This makes water a competitor. In fact, a Coke executive has said that he wont be satisfied until there is a Coca-Cola faucet in every home. Coca-Colas mantra is within an arms reach of desire. One Final Coca-Cola Fact A recent Coca-Cola annual report reported that the second most recognized expression in the world after ok? is Coca-Cola. Brand Equity-: The brand assets (or liabilities) linked to a brands name and symbol that add from a service. Brand equity is difficult to measure because much of it depends on consumers perception and opinions of a brand. When a product has high brand equity they are successful at retaining their current customers by keeping them satisfied with the quality of products and service. They are also successful at attracting new customers who have heard of the brand through successful marketing or word of mouth. Coca-Colas brand equity is difficult to measure because they have extended their brand to include numerous products. In addition to the numerous of versions of Coca-Cola worldwide that compete against other beverage brands, Coca-Cola competes with itself. Nationally there are numerous versions / brands that are a part of the Coca-Cola family. Some of the brands include Coca-Cola Classic, Dasani Water, Full Throttle, Fanta, and Soy Products. In addition to competing against itself the Coca-Cola Company has saturated the market and consumers who may dislike one product may actually enjoy a different Coca-Cola product. However, the consumer may be unaware that the beverage is actually in the Coca-Cola family. As a result measuring brand equity may be difficult as consumers may be loyal and repeat customers of a brand and not know its origin. Coca Cola was taking its core product, Coke, and expanding the product in new form factors and new overseas markets. The brand promise stayed the same whether it was sold in a Coke store in New York or a road side stand in Mongolia refreshment, good times, and pure Americana. Despite the numerous brands and the difficulty in measuring brand equity it is evident that Coca-Cola has high brand equity. They are a company who has been in business for many years they have gained the business of consumers in the soda market as well as numerous other beverage markets nationally and internationally. Their sales and growth show that they are a successful company Brand identity the brand identity is the audio-visual face of the brand the cues that tell you that you are are in the right place. The brand definition is the formal description of what the brand stands for within different description categories its personality, its values, its stories, its emotional benefits etc.. The brand proposition is the deal the brand is offering you at any given moment the coca-cola comp.has long been recognised as an organisation with significant brand equity with over four four hundread brands available in virtually every nook and crany of the world .the flag ship brand of coca cola has stood the rest of the time over 120 years. Infact coca-cola alone is recognized as the most valuable in the world by the respected inter brand corportionvalued at above US $ 67 billion , the coca-cola brand (coke)has become effectively become a part of modern world culture.though its advertising campaign has changed over the years,coca-cola THE REAL TASTE has always stood for aREAL COLA DRINK with authenticity . the identity has been build by an decade with consistent values and diferentiated elements. Many competitors have aim at cokes but the brand continues to command a number one position globaly in ranking of brand equity. After all If u stand for the real thing every competitor is an imitator. the Coca-Cola bottle design differentiated the identity, the easier it is to protect from infringement. Just coca cols has remained to its time tested identity u have the equallly relivant to you. This brand identity should reflect your own unique equity and care essence this will ensure your brand creativity and identity that is meaning ful and sustainable in long term. Brand image- A unique set of associations in the mind of customers concerning what a brand stands for and the implied promises the brand makes. There could be hardly any person around the world that hasnt heard the name Coca Cola. Ever since it beginning as worlds leading name in cold drinks, Coca Cola has created a strong brand image irrespective of age, sex and geographical locations. Millions of people around the world are consuming cold drinks or soft drinks as part of their daily meal. Coca Cola, ever since its inception has been the leader in soft drink market. Brand image is the significant factor affecting Cokes sale. Coca-Colas brand name is very well known all over the world. Packaging changes have also affected sales and industry positioning, but in general, the public has tended not to be affected by new products. Coca-Colas bottling system also allows the company to take advantage of infinite growth opportunities around the world. This strategy gives Coke the opportunity to service a large geographic, diverse, area. Brand loyalty Brand loyalty is a central construct to marketing. Keeping the consumer satisfied, and loyal enough to frequently purchase just one brand, is more difficult in todays marketplace than ever before. But today, major brands are experiencing heightened brand loyalty due to the growing popularity of the brand as a collectible. A recent Coca-Cola annual report reported that the second most recognized expression in the world after ok? is Coca-Cola. Brand personality:- Brand Personality identity is understood as the set of human characteristics associated with a brand. The brand image building strategy implies the definition of a brand personality and a user personality. Have you ever thought about your personal brand? Brand personalities that 1) Are well-known, 2) offer something different to the world than they do in terms of products and services Coca-Colas brand personality reflects the positioning of its brand. The process of positioning a brand or product is a complex managerial task and must be done over time using all the elements of the marketing mix. Positioning is in the mind of the consumer and can be described as how the product is considered by that consumer. When researching the positioning of a product, consumers are often asked how they would describe that product if it were a person. The purpose of this is to develop a character statement. This can ensure that consumers have a clear view of the brand values that make up the brand personality, just like the values and beliefs that make up a person. Many people see Coca-Cola as a part of their daily life. This similarity between the brand and the consumer leads to a high degree of loyalty and makes the purchasing decision easier Brand Positioning:- The location of a brand in relation to its competitors in some pre-defined space. The space may be defined by criteria used by consumers, such as value for money or age of consumer etc. 5 main factors that go into defining a brand position. 1. Brand Attributes What the brand delivers through features and benefits to consumers. 2. Consumer Expectations What consumers expect to receive from the brand. 3. Competitor attributes What the other brands in the market offer through features and benefits to consumers. 4. Price An easily quantifiable factor Your prices vs. your competitors prices. 5. Consumer perceptions The perceived quality and value of your brand in consumers minds (i.e., does your brand offer the cheap solution, the good value for the money solution, the high-end, high-price tag solution, etc.?) The Coca-Cola Company produce a range of beverages suited to different ages, stages, lifestyles and occasions. This includes soft drinks, diet drinks, juices and juice drinks, waters, energy drinks, sports drinks and cordials. As part of a healthy, varied and balanced diet and an active lifestyle, all products can be enjoyed by the majority of people. It is committed to helping customers select the product that is best suited to their needs through the provision of detailed product information supported by general advice on healthy eating, drinking and lifestyles. It understands that balancing energy intake with energy output is key to a healthy body weight. We therefore provide choice through range of low or no-kilojoule products that are ideally suited to the needs of people who wish to reduce energy intake through beverage selection. Such products are readily available at a similar cost to an equivalent higher energy product. As one of the largest producers and marketers of non-alcoholic beverages we promote physical activity through our active lifestyles programme and sponsorship of sport. Through new product development we will continue to release a range of new types of drinks, including low or no kilojoule products as we look at ways in which to cater to those people who wish to reduce energy intake through selection of lower energy beverages. Children and the role of our beverages Coca cola respect and support the primary role that parents play in decisions affecting the lives of young children, including choices about diet and lifestyle. Beverage choice, like food selection, is a role for parents and we assist them in this through the provision of nutrition information and by making available a wide range of products suitable for all ages, stages and occasions. Coca-Colas longstanding global policy ensures we do not directly market our products to children under the age of twelve. Our brands are not advertised during childrens television times and we do not show children under 12 in advertising or promotional materials drinking our products outside of the presence of an adult. Our sampling events are directed to people over the age of 12. In the small number of schools where we provide vending machines we work with the school to provide a range of beverages, and ensure that lower energy products are priced attractively and the packaging is in a single serve size. Guidelines have been established to oversee the manner in which we work with schools and their tuck shops. It is company practice to sell diet drinks and sugar-free alternatives at a similar price to regular carbonated soft drinks. Retailers offering specials are encouraged to include both the regular and diet versions of our soft drinks. Through new product development it aim to develop more products that meet the unique needs of children and will work with nutrition experts as we do this. For healthy active and growing children, beverages higher in energy can be enjoyed as part of a balanced and varied diet. However, we also provide a range of low or no-kilojoule products also suitable for children. Supporting sport and physical activity Globally, The Coca-Cola Company has a long history of supporting sport and activity. have been a major Olympic Games sponsor since 1928 and also sponsor major international sporting events. Coca-Cola has been an All Black sponsor for the past decade and has also supported provincial netball and rugby. At a grassroots level, Coca-Cola has formed a partnership with the National Association of OSCAR (Out of School Care and Recreation) to develop and implement a national physical activity programme available to 75,000 young New Zealanders. In South Auckland, the Get Moving programme is working to encourage children to participate in local sports and recreation courses. The Pump water brand is now a major sponsor of the Heart Foundations Jump Rope for Heart programme that runs in schools across New Zealand and through the Powerade sports drink brand, we support numerous sporting events around the country. Labelling All products of The Coca-Cola Company provide clear nutrition information in compliance with international regulations. Packaging Coca-Cola is committed to strict environmental guidelines, and to ensuring our packaging has as little impact as possible on the environment. To this end, a recycling project was introduced in New Zealand during 2001 which ensures our PET bottles contain an average of 10% recycled material. Information Programmes Coca colas consumer contact centre provides around the clock access to information about the companies. Pricing It is company practice to sell diet drinks and sugar-free soft drink alternatives at a similar price to regular carbonated soft drinks. Similarly, any competitions or promotions of Coca-Cola can be entered by our consumers who purchase diet Coke. Although at the discretion of retailers, special offers and reduced prices on soft drinks are usually available for both the regular and diet versions of our soft drinks Brand extension :- Brand extension or brand stretching is a marketing strategy in which a firm marketing a product with a well-developed image uses the same brand name in a different product category. Organizations use this strategy to increase and leverage brand equity (definition: the net worth and long-term sustainability just from the renowned name) Conclusion:- The progress and advancement in the field of technology in the fields of soft drink raw material, production, manufacturing, information and communication technology and logistics have great positive impacts on the operations and sales of Coca-Cola. The availability of new soft drink ingredients enables Coca-Cola to introduce new variety of its products to its existing consumers, not forgetting to attract the new consumer groups. The use of the latest information technology has made able the company to attract the new generation of soft drink consumers with the latest features of song downloading. Also the existence of company website has enabled the world to be in touch with the latest progress, promotions

Software Requirement Specifications

Software Requirement Specifications 2.1.1 Proposed Method Fig.2.1 Block Diagram of D.A.P.S It is dependent on core Harvard Architecture and ARM9263 choosing individual data and command buses. The ARM9 processor commands are accomplish by means of the five stage pipelining. The clock frequency of the ARM9263 processor is too high evaluated to ARM7 processor. ARM9263 processor might accomplish the instructions in a single clock cycle. This processor also chains gazelle equipment which supports java byte codes. Data acquisition processes, as the name consult to appliances and procedures utilized to accumulate the suggestions. In the most basic form, a technician working the temperature of a range on a section of paper is carrying out data acquire. Development has enhanced, this type of strategy has easy and produced more appropriate, important and effective through electronic apparatus. Data acquiring appliances serve as an significant point in a system. Data Acquisition strategy tying along a wide variety of appliances, such as detectors is used to show temperature, flow level and demand. Communication is depending on the information acquisition appliances, those appliances are interfaced with a device through the transmission port. The more frequently used communicating interface for the inadequate distances is RS-232. In RS-232 the correspondence is serial communication for one appliance to one computer by using communication port. The performance of the RS232 up to 115 K baud (bits per second).RS422 and 485 equally will have the capability to interact more distances with the numerous units. Two common parallel communication interfaces are generally the Centroid and IEEE-488. An analog to digital Converter is a device that can transfer the unbroken physical assortment to a digital number that symbolizes the quantitys shift. The substitution involves concerning quantizing of the input. It is appropriate to propose a small measure of error. An ADC performs the conversion (samples the input) occasionally. The consequences will be the sequence of digital values that have modified a continuous-time and continuous-amplitude analog signal to a discrete-time and the discrete-amplitude digital signal. An ADC is characterized by its bandwidth and its signal to noise. The DAPS cell is analyzed for negative ions recognition. The design RDX TNT are launched into the assortment, as a unique sample and incorporate sample. In equally the cases estimated result is described. The first condition of a DAPS system is a appropriate ion source. The source is usually a beta emitter. In a dry air system the ionic species generate are pre-dominantly N+2 or O+2Positive ions and O−2 negative ions. These ions are referred as reactant ions. When molecules of the illustration species are introduce into the ion source region these molecules will be interact with the reactant ions. A charge transfer will take place creating ions of the sample species. TNT will experience charge transfer reactions, TNT + A → TNT Â ± A, RDX will give the ion-molecule reactions with the reactant ions, RDX + A− → (RDX Â ± A). The abridged ion mobility time corresponds to the molecular weights of the addition compounds [RDX-O (H2O)] −,[RDX-O2]−. Therefore, the resultant IMS plasma gram of RDX contains 4 distinct peaks. These ionic species will move in the direction of the ion gate under the authority of the electric field. The polarity of the final controls, unstable substances form negative ions, most of the narcotics, like heroin and cocaine, form positive ions. In the float region the test ions move subordinate the determine of the utilized electric field. Because to the collision among the sample ions and the substance gas molecules, the interval will be proceeding counting on the mobility of the test ions. Ions with a greater mobility will travel the distance of the substance region in a shorter time. The mobility of the ions might count on their size, mass and shape of the ions. For the individual opening of the electronic gate, a produce of the electronic charge symbolizing assorted ionic species in the preview will arrive at the ion collector detached in time. The range of the ion current is consult to as a plasma gram. The ion mobility spectrometrys distinguished strength is the performance at which separations happen typically on the prescribe of tens of milliseconds. This ability combined with its convenience of use, very high sensitivity, and highly efficient design have authorized IMS as a commercialized product to be used as a schedule tool for the field recognition of explosives, drugs, and chemical weapons. Significant manufacturers of IMS testing devices utilized in airports are Morph and Smiths Awareness. The ion source in the submit IMS is depending on the corona discharge in aim to plane geometry. The happening chamber is created of Teflon cylinder with 50 mm inner diameter. A power in the form of parallel tungsten wires (diameter 100 Â µ m) with comparative distance of 1 mm signifies the plain electrode of the corona discharge. The detail electrode is made of tungsten wire (diameter 50 Â µ m) which is installed in a ceramic tube situated in the axis of the release chamber. The position of this tube is to hold the aim electrode in the demanded position and it also acts as a gas inlet. The range amongst the tip of the wire and the popular electrode can be modified by transferring the ceramic tube together the axis of the discharge chamber. In prescribe to accomplish the maximal ion present was the point to plane length varied in the range 3 12 mm. In the excellent corona the maximal current was discovered at 4 mm point to plane range and the ignition voltage was in the range 2-2. 5 kV. The optimum ion current is restricted by the recombination of ions on the plane electrode (corona grid). The proportion of the ions found by the grid to the ions that move the grid is proportional to the ratio E2/E1, where E1 is the strength of electric field in the move tube and E2 is the strength of electric field in the release chamber. The response region consists of several parallel electrodes, divided by Teflon seals. The extent of the reaction region can be diverse, based on number of used electrodes. The first electrode in the response region is particularly designed and its work is to avoid the dissemination of the test gas into the discharge chamber. Two ports for the gas recess and for the gas outlet are generating into this electrode. The majority of the electrodes have the requirement dimensions similar with the electrodes utilized in drift tube. An electric shutter network is placed at the end of the response region. The shutter grid is one of the most significant parts of the IMS. Its role is to keep the ions in response region and to inject the ions into the drift region. The grid is made of similar wires, located in one plane perpendicular to the axis of the spectrometer. The wires are on the electric potential , where VD is the potential of the drift tube at the place of the shutter, and is closing potential between adjacent wires. This potential creates an electric field perpendicular to the electric field formed by the drift tube. As the ions pursue electric field, they hit the grid wires and lose their charge due to recombination processes. If a short circuit is created between the grid wires then the electric potential of the wires is VD and there is no perpendicular electric field generated by the grid, the cover up is opened. The ions are able to enter the drift region. The generating of the secured grid might manage the resolution and understanding of the spectrometer. This is because of to the influence of the normal electric field to the float electric field. The important electric field immediate the grid is offered by deposition of these two fields. If the vertical field is to strong the gate diminution effect occurs. If the normal field is too weak, the quickly ions can go using into the drift location even if the gate is blocked. A constant position in the spectra is existential in this case. The adequate value of the shutter grid electric field is in the aspect from 1 to 10 of the electric field in the float tube. 2.2 Purpose The objective of these software requirement specifications is to capture the customer requirements both functional and non-functional for the project. This serves as the input for the Software Design Document. 2.2.1 Assumptions Connectivity between ADC board and AT91 board will be available. Continuous illustrations are coming from ADC and are stored on AT91 board memory. Porting the submission from one platform to another platform is potential with difficulties. Interfaces of LCD, TS (touch screen) are in the working condition. 2.2.1.1. Definitions, Abbreviations and Acronyms 2.3 Ion mobility spectrometer data acquisition display unit IMS show unit conveys, analyses and demonstrates the wave and capabilities of explosive test created in the Drift tube sampler unit. Fig.2.2 Block diagram of IMS Unit Fig.2.3 IMS Unit Experimental layout Functional Description 1. As the unit is switched ON observe the Power LED (green) ON the front panel of the IMS display unit. 2. To calibrate the TFT TS LCD touch the dot sequence will be appearing on the Screen. 3. Touch the CAPT button to start sampling of explosive material placed in sampler. 4. Although the selections of the explosive information are being accumulated and came out, when the examples collection is more than and notice the bursting material recognized in Red colour combined with buzzer move and majority of all other components in green. (In the understanding software will do assessment of data recorded with the accumulated explosive library to understand the occurrence of explosive in the design introduced. If explosive is recognized, software estimate drift-time. If the data grabbed matches with any of the bursting library, the individual explosive screen will modification RED from GREEN. With screen proceeding RED, it’s an evidence of occurrence of explosive and the buzzer will blow. To stop the buzzer audio push CLRB button. 5. To view the wave and characteristics of the material detected touch the material appeared in Red color. Zoom option is provided to view the graph clearly by touching Zoom button. 6. To navigate from any page to main page touch on Menu button. Data acquisition is the process of sampling the signals that to measure real world physical conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values. These values can be manipulated by the computer. Data acquisition systems typically convert the analog waveforms into digital values for their processing. The components of data acquisition systems include: The Sensors that they will convert the physical parameters to the electrical Signals. A Signal conditioning circuitry is used to convert the sensor signals into a form that can be converting to the digital values. Analog-to-digital converters, which converts the conditioned sensor signals to digital values The Data acquisition and processing samples of explosives represents the detection of explosive materials like TNT, RDX, NACRO etc. it is generally called as Ion-Mobility Spectrometer .It is used to detect the explosives based on the drift velocity of the generated ions. Drift tube generates the ions from the samples placed. Based on the drift velocity of the ions, generated current will vary. As Drift tube output is connected to the pre-amplifier, the drift tube output voltage in turn depends on the drift velocity of samples. The pre amplifier output is connected to the ADC board (THS1206), which is integrated with the ARM board (AT91SAM9263). ADC converts the continuous analog signal to discrete Digital values. DAPS appropriate the output voltage of the pre amplifier utilizing ADC, depending on the peak appreciate of the accumulated ADC sample data, move time is calculated. Drift Time chosen by the pattern is opposed with the obtainable library data. If the move time utilized by the sample complements with any of the move time values chosen in the library, alarm will be round and the name of the sudden detected is exhibited along with the Attributes like ADC peak voltage benefits (in volts) time (in milliseconds). The Complete unit kept in a big chamber and that is having high voltage power supply.